Flexible mapping of logical end-points

ABSTRACT

Various communication systems may benefit from differentiated quality of service management. For example, specific applications run on a user equipment in a 5G radio access network may benefit from the flexible differentiated quality of service management. A method includes determining a service flow setup, and mapping traffic through the service flow by a common convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergence sublayer entity. The method also includes controlling the traffic through the service flow.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/778,727 filed on May 24, 2018, which is the national stageapplication based on PCT International Application No.PCT/EP2015/077863, filed on Nov. 27, 2015. The entire disclosures ofthese earlier applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND Field

Various communication systems may benefit from differentiated quality ofservice management. For example, specific applications run on a userequipment in a 5G radio access network may benefit from the flexibledifferentiated quality of service management on a radio convergencesublayer.

Description of the Related Art

Due to the increased diversity and volume of applications utilized byusers in modern communication systems, a massive growth in over-the-topcontent traffic has occurred. Users rely on a multitude of applications,each providing specific services and generating personalized content.Because of the diverse nature of these applications, it can bebeneficial for a network to differentiate between them, and controlnetwork traffic flow in view of the diverse nature of each application.

Current Long Term Evolution (LTE) layer 2 (L2) protocol architecture maynot provide the requisite flexibility to dynamically setup and controlradio bearers having unique quality of service characteristics. FIG. 1illustrates the current LTE L2 architecture according to 3GPP TS 36.300v13.0.0. In LTE L2, a radio link control (RLC) is located between thepacket data convergence protocol (PDCP) and medium access control (MAC)sublayers. The RLC sublayer is responsible for transferring upper layerprotocol data units (PDUs) generated by radio resource control (RRC) orthe PDCP sublayers. In addition, the RLC sublayer can operate in one ofthree modes of operation: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode(UM), or acknowledged mode (AM).

In the current architecture, radio bearers are statically configured tohave one-to-one mapping for evolved packet system (EPS) bearers. Inother words, each radio bearer is associated with one PDCP entity, andeach PDCP entity is associated with one RLC entity. As such, the currentlayer 2 protocol may not support dynamic and fine-granular quality ofservice provisioning by the radio access network (RAN), without havingto involve extensive RRC signaling, as well as non-access stratum (NAS)signaling, between a user equipment and the network.

LTE L2 may not adequately differentiate between diverse applicationswhose quality of experience (QoE) requirements are highly variant. Forexample, the QoE requirements for video streaming may be different thanthe QoE requirements for instant messaging.

SUMMARY

According to certain embodiments, a method may include determining aservice flow setup, and mapping traffic through the service flow by acommon convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergencesublayer entity. The method can also include controlling the trafficthrough the service flow.

According to certain embodiments, an apparatus may include at least onememory including computer program code, and at least one processor. Theat least one memory and the computer program code are configured, withthe at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to determinea service flow setup, and map traffic through the service flow by acommon convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergencesublayer entity. The at least one memory and the computer program codeare configured, with the at least one processor, to also cause theapparatus at least to control the traffic through the service flow.

An apparatus, in certain embodiments, may include means for determininga service flow setup, and means for mapping traffic through the serviceflow by a common convergence sublayer entity to at least one radioconvergence sublayer entity. The apparatus can also include means forcontrolling the traffic through the service flow.

According to certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readablemedium encoding instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform aprocess. The process can include determining a service flow setup, andmapping traffic through the service flow by a common convergencesublayer entity to at least one radio convergence sublayer entity. Theprocess can also include controlling the traffic through the serviceflow.

A computer program product, in certain embodiments, can encodeinstructions for performing a process. The process can includedetermining a service flow setup, and mapping traffic through theservice flow by a common convergence sublayer entity to at least oneradio convergence sublayer entity. The process can also includecontrolling the traffic through the service flow.

According to certain embodiments, a method may include identifying aservice flow, wherein traffic through the service flow is mapped by acommon convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergencesublayer entity, and controlling at a user equipment the traffic throughservice flow.

According to certain embodiments, an apparatus may include at least onememory including computer program code, and at least one processor. Theat least one memory and the computer program code are configured, withthe at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to identifya service flow, wherein traffic through the service flow is mapped by acommon convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergencesublayer entity, and control at a user equipment the traffic through theservice flow.

An apparatus, in certain embodiments, may include means for identifyinga service flow, wherein traffic through the service flow is mapped by acommon convergence sublayer entity and at least one radio convergencesublayer entity, and means for controlling at a user equipment thetraffic through the service flow.

According to certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readablemedium encoding instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform aprocess. The process may include identifying a service flow, whereintraffic through the service flow is mapped by a common convergencesublayer entity and at least one radio convergence sublayer entity, andcontrolling at a user equipment the traffic through the service flow.

A computer program product, in certain embodiments, may encodeinstructions for performing a process. The process can includeidentifying a service flow, wherein traffic through the service flow ismapped by a common convergence sublayer entity and at least one radioconvergence sublayer entity, and controlling at a user equipment thetraffic through the service flow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For proper understanding of the invention, reference should be made tothe accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates the current LTE L2 architecture.

FIG. 2 illustrates an architecture according to certain embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a system according to certain embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A dynamic network architecture capable of efficiently handling diverseapplications with differing QoE and QoS is enabled by certainembodiments. Providing further granularity in QoE and quality of service(QoS) will help to maximize both network efficiency and customerexperience.

The next generation of mobile communication systems, 5G, can alsobenefit from a dynamic network architecture that allows for granular QoEand QoS differentiation to help maximize both network and user equipmentefficiency.

Certain embodiments allow for a real-time, dynamic, and adaptive networkprotocol, in which flexible differentiated QoS management on radioconvergence sublayer for a specific service occurs so that specific QoScan be provisioned for specific applications or use cases by the radioaccess network.

Certain embodiments allow for a flexible steering of traffic, in boththe user plane and the control plane, to multiple radio access pointswith diverse radio interface types and configurations, carrierfrequencies, and physical deployment scenarios. Some embodiments allowfor a low-complexity mapping of legacy protocol stack structures, forexample an LTE stack structure.

The network, in certain embodiments, can determine a service flow setup,and control the service flow associated with one common convergencesublayer entity and at least one radio control sublayer entity. Thiscontrol in certain embodiments allows for differentiated QoS managementon a radio control sublayer layer according to the requirements of thetraffic flows carried by the associated service flow on a commonconvergence sublayer.

In the context of 5G radio access technology, the common convergencesublayer PDCP may be replaced by a Network Convergence Sublayer (NCS),and the radio control sublayer RLC may be replaced by a RadioConvergence Sublayer (RCS). Certain embodiments allow for a dynamic andadaptive network protocol that involves PDCP and NCS, as well as RLC andRCS.

In LTE, bearers may be virtual containers with unique QoScharacteristics, over which service data flows (SDFs) are carried. InEvolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) bearers maybe known as radio bearers (RBs).

In certain embodiments, the term service flow (SF) may refer to alogical connection in a 5G user plane between an active user equipment(UE) and a serving user plane gateway (uGW). In other embodiments, theSF may refer to a logical connection between an active UE and a packetdata network gateway (PDN GW). Such a connection may include a radioaccess link or connection between the UE and a serving RAN, and atransport network path between the serving RAN and the serving uGW orPDN GW. As such, 5G SF may be broader and more flexible than the evolvedpacket core (EPC) bearer of LTE, in terms of application-and-serviceawareness, tunneling, and mapping between EPC bearer and radio bearer.5G SF also provide more flexibility for the logical service flowresolution inside of the service flow referred to as subservice flows(sSF).

Certain embodiments provide an L2 radio protocol architecture for 5Gradio access technology. Specifically, certain embodiments allow forflexible mapping of logical end-points between a common convergencesublayer, for example NCS and PDCP, to a radio control sublayer, such asRCS or RLC, which can be instantiated for potentially multiple radiointerfaces in different physical radio access points.

FIG. 2 illustrates an architecture according to certain embodiments. TheNCS service access point layer 201 can include both a control serviceaccess point (C-SAP) 202 and a service flow access point (SF-SAP) 203.Each SF can be associated with one NCS entity 206 through SF-SAP 203.Control messages can be accessed through C-SAP 202. C-SAP 202 can beassociated with more than one NCS. For example, C-SAP may be an RRCconfiguration messages or the application awareness function controlmessages. Each NCS entity may serve only one service flow.

At least one RCS entity 209 can serve each NCS as the lower entity.Although three RCS entities can be associated with the NCS entity inFIG. 2, NCS entity 206 only needs to be associated by one RCS entity209. An RCS entity, on the other hand, may only serve one NCS entity. Ascan be seen in FIG. 2, each RCS entity 209 may only be associated withone NCS entity. The RCS entities in FIG. 2 are also shown to be in anunacknowledged or an acknowledged mode.

This association between the NCS entity and the RCS entity, however, isnot restricted to entities in the same physical or logical node. Forexample, FIG. 2 contains a first physical node 204 and a second physicalnode 205. First physical node 204 includes NCS entity 206 and four RCSentities 209. Only three of the four RCS entities 209 are associatedwith NCS entity 206, in the embodiment of FIG. 2. The fourth RCS entitycan be associated with NCS entity 207, which is located in secondphysical node 205. NCS entity 207, located in second physical node 205,can be associated with RCS entity 210, which is also located in thesecond physical node 205, and with an additional RCS entity 209, locatedin the first physical node 205. As such, the NCS entity can controltraffic flows of a SF (sub-service flows) on RCS entities of differentradio interfaces.

In some embodiments, the links between NCS and lower layers can beuni-directional. For example, sub-service flows configured for voicetraffic can be unidirectional. In other embodiments, the links betweenthe NCS entity and the lower layers can be bidirectional. For example,sub-service flows configured for internet traffic can be bidirectional.Whether a link is unidirectional or bidirectional depends on thecharacteristics of the traffic flows created by the NCS layer, orprovided to the NCS layer by upper control layers. As seen in FIG. 2,some of the SFs and sub-service flows may be are unidirectional, whileothers are bidirectional.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, an NCS service access point can beassociated with NCS entity 206. NCS entity 206 is associated through RCSSAP 208 with at least one RCS entity 209, which is served by at leastone MAC SAP 211.

In certain embodiments, during SF setup, a default configuration can bebuilt in which at least one RCS entity may be a default entity set orconfigured during setup of the NCS entity. The network has the freedomto configure a default configuration to support any QoS treatment thenetwork may be capable of accommodating. In other words, the defaultentity can be configured with a certain quality of service treatment. Inaddition, the parameters of the default configuration may be subject toservice being set up. For example, an internet service may require acertain reliability or a video streaming service may require a certainbandwidth or latency. In some embodiments, the UE may request forspecific QoS treatment to be configured for the default configuration.The network may then choose to take this request into account whenconfiguring the radio link. Alternately, the network may choose not totake the UE's request for specific QoS treatment into account. In otherembodiments, the UE may be able to dictate the QoS treatment, withoutthe network having the ability to make an autonomous decision regardingthe QoS treatment.

Both the NCS peer-to-peer entities at the UE, and the serving RAN, incertain embodiments, may be configured so that the NCS control protocoldata units (C-PDU) between the UE and the serving RAN can be sent on atleast one of the default RCS. In other embodiments, the C-PDUs may besent on other RCSs, which may be configured to have higher priority thanthe default one, or on an exclusive RCS which may be configured forsending NCS C-PDUs.

As illustrated in FIG. 2 certain NCS may utilize multi-connectivity (MC)in which more than one radio interface or leg are configured between theUE and network. In some embodiment, at least one additional MC leg canbe established in addition to first radio leg/MC leg with at least oneRCS entity assigned to each of the at MC legs. In certain embodiments,at least one MC may be established, where the NCS can be associated witha plurality of at least one RCS assigned to a plurality of the at leastone MC leg. For example, one or more MC may be established, where theNCS can be associated with two or more RCS assigned to two or more MClegs.

FIG. 3 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments. In some embodiments, the user-plane protocol stack shown inFIG. 3 can be compatible with 5G radio access technology. As can be seenin FIG. 3, network node 303 can communicate with access node 302 throughthe NCS X2 interface 305. X2 interface 305 is the interface between theaccess nodes involved in MC. In other embodiments, an interface havingsimilar functions to the X2 interface in LTE, may be defined between aplurality of 5G network nodes. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, UE 301 andnetwork node 302 can be connected to one another on the RCS, MAC, andphysical layer. In certain embodiments, the NCS can be placed in adifferent network node than the node to which the UE has RCS, MAC, andphysical layer interfaces configured. As shown in FIG. 3, the NCS isplaced in network node 303, while the UE has the RCS, MAC, and physicallayer interfaces configured in network node 302.

Each configured MC leg of the NCS may have at least one RCS entity. Incertain embodiments MC legs may not be visible to the NCS entity,although the NCS entity can see the different RCS entities configuredfor multi-connectivity. In such embodiments, RRC may be in charge toensure that the RCS can be configured for each MC leg in which the NCShas a communication link established. In other embodiments, RRC mayconfigure for each MC leg at least one RCS entity that serves the NCSentity as the lower entity.

The transmissions of NCS PDUs between the NCS entity and a positivenumber N of different corresponding RCS entities, or for instances of aMC leg over the X2 interface, require N individual tunnels. Theseindividual tunnels involve 1:1 mapping on an N number of RCS instances.In other words, N individual tunnels can be needed in a 1:1 mappingscenario.

In other embodiments, only a single 1:N tunnel can be provided withinclude of possible RCS identification (RCS #ID) based multiplexing fortransmitting NCS PDUs over X2 in MC. This embodiment may be similar to1:1 mapping on corresponding logical channels using logical channelidentification (LC #ID) in LTE. In this embodiment, RCS #ID or LC #IDcan be sent together with the individual NCS PDU over the X2 tunnel. Theradio-access layer needs to provide NCS identification (NCS #ID) andcorresponding RCS #ID or LC #ID to a transport-network layer (TNL).

Configured RCS entities may have different characteristics in terms ofmode and QoS treatment. In other words, each of the at least one radiocontrol sublayer entity may provide or require a different quality ofservice treatment. For example, TM/UM/AM mode, configuration parameters,and priorities may be different among RCS entities. Any individual RCSentity associated with the default configuration can be removed from theNCS as long as there can be at least one RCS entity, known as thedefault RCS, remaining. RRC allocates each NCS an ID during the SF orNCS setup. The ID can then be used to configure each RCS entity of theUE to the correct NCS with which it communicates. The corresponding NCSID can be included in the RCS configuration message. In one embodiment,the unidirectional links can be configured with RCS unacknowledged mode(UM), while bidirectional links can be configured with acknowledged mode(AM). In other embodiments, bidirectional links may be configured withRCS UM or AM.

In certain embodiments, the NCS can route packets from a certain sSF tomultiple RCS entities arbitrarily. In other embodiments, the NCS entitycan map packets and sSFs to the at least one RCS entity. For example, agiven RCS may temporarily disregard the sSFs currently mapped to the RCSentity, and serve packets submitted by upper layers equally. Forinstance, NCS can receive inputs from an application awareness functionor application scheduler (AS), running above or inside it on a perpacket or a per sSF basis. The AS may dictate what kind of radio levelQoS treatment is required or provided, and the NCS may take the QoSinformation into account when deciding to which RCS entity to route thecorresponding packet or sSF. In other embodiments, the mapping ofpackets from the sSFs to the at least one RCS entity may be arbitrary.

In some embodiments, the NCS offers the AS a certain set of radioservices and AS decides per sSF to which radio service to map certainpackets at a time. The AS may schedule packets between sSFs to eachradio service. In some embodiments, the radio service can be a set ofconfigured RCS entities providing the same QoS treatment. For example,in the multi-connectivity case each leg has an RCS entity providing thesame QoS.

The NCS will receive information from the AS indicating the intendedradio service. This information may include quality of service treatmentfor at least one RCS. The NCS's job can be to route each packet based onhow the radio service had been assigned by the AS. If there are multiplelegs or RCS entities providing the same radio service, then the NCS candecide to which RCS entity to submit the packets. In certain embodimenta plurality of the at least one radio control sublayer entity may begrouped to provide a radio service.

The NCS may run sequence numbering per created sSF to be able to providein-order delivery to upper layers on a per sSF basis. Alternatively, theNCS may run sequence numbering for every radio service (which mayinclude multiple sSFs) to allow for an in-order delivery to upper layerson a per radio service basis. In addition, as one RCS entity may need tocarry packets belonging to multiple sSF, RCS may need to maintain itsown sequence numbering to be able to support, for example, ARQfunctionality and in-ordering.

The NCS may be configured to route C-PDUs, which are control PDUsbetween NCS entities, to a certain RCS entity. In these embodiments, theNCS may route the C-PDUs to a default RCS, or the RCS having the lowestlatency, and/or the RCS providing the most reliable packet delivery. Yetin other embodiments, the NCS routes C-PDUs to RCS entity having thehighest priority configured for the radio scheduler to serve. In someembodiments, exclusive RCS peer-to-peer entities may be set up at UE andserving RAN to carry NCS C-PDUs.

In certain embodiments, the radio scheduler and/or MAC has no visibilityto sSF, but sees RCS entities or buffers. In those embodiments, servicelevel prioritization, such as SF, can be undergone at the radioscheduler, as the RCS entities can be configured for each

NCS entity. In some embodiments, the service level prioritization can bedone at the application awareness function either inside the UE or thenetwork itself. The link between a transmitting RCS to a receiving RCSmay have a logical one-to-one mapping between entities, also known aspeer-to-peer entities. The link can form a single end-to-end pipe forNCS to route traffic through, such as a radio bearer.

There may be NCS-RCS inter-layer interactions at the serving RAN sidefor optimizing purposes. In other embodiments, NCS-RCS inter-layerinteractions occur in both the serving RAN and the UE side foroptimization purposes. Due to the flexible functional split of 5G RAN,which includes different cloud RAN options, the NCS and the RCS may belocated in different locations or places. In one instance, for example,an NCS may be configured to route C-PDUs among different associated RCSas discussed above for NCS C-PDUs. Those same C-PDUs may also beutilized for routing and transmitting RCS control information. In otherwords, RCS may request NCS to route some RCS control information in theform of NCS C-PDU. In this embodiment, the upper level may provideservices for the lower layer, as opposed to the current protocol designin LTE, where the lower layer is supposed to provide services for theupper layer.

In other embodiments, NCS may initiate a reset of a RCS, as well asflushing, discarding or advancing RCS buffer, for at least one RCSentity based on various factors. One such factor can include theprogress of at least one other RCS. This embodiment can be particularlyhelpful in a MC case configured to use duplication or replication ofsame data in different MC legs for ensuring both high reliability andlow latency.

FIG. 4 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments. The embodiment of FIG. 4 illustrates NCS to RCS mappingfrom the network perspective for one UE associated with twomulti-connectivity legs and two configured SFs. AS may schedule each sSFby its implementation defining means to any NCS provided radio service.

The network may determine an SF setup, and traffic through the SF isthen mapped by an NCS entity to at least one RCS entity. The trafficthough the SF is then controlled. NCS maintains the flow control betweenRCS entities, and decides the final mapping of the packet or sSF tocertain RCS entity.

For the first service flow (SF1) 403 a first AS 401 has allocated fourdifferent sub-flows 405 to provide different QoE or QoS treatment. Thefirst NCS (NCS1) 407 provides higher layer support for two first RCSentities (RCS1) in a first leg (leg 1) 409, and another RCS1 entity in asecond leg (leg 2) 410. The first RCS1 in leg 1 can be the default RCS,while the second RCS1 in leg 1 requires or provides a first QoS (QoS₁).The third RCS1 located in leg 2 410 also requires or provides QoS₁.

For the second service flow (SF2) 404, a second AS 402 has allocated twodifferent sub-flows 406 to provide different QoE or QoS treatment. Thesecond NCS (NCS2) 408 provides higher layer support for a second RCS(RCS2) in leg 1 409, and another second RCS2 in leg 2 410. The firstRCS2 located in leg 1 409 can be the default RCS, while the other RCS2located in leg 2 requires or provides its own QoS (QoS₀), different fromQoS₁. The network can then use the QoS requirements or provisions of theRCS entities in the two legs during priority handling and multiplexing.

FIG. 5 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments. The embodiment of FIG. 5 illustrates NCS to RCS mappingfrom the UE perspective for one UE associated with twomulti-connectivity legs and two configured SFs. The UE may identify aSF, wherein traffic through the service flow is mapped by a NCS to atleast one RCS entity, and then control the traffic through the SF. Inaddition, AS may schedule each sSF by its implementation defining meansto any NCS provided radio service. NCS maintains the flow controlbetween RCS entities, and decides the final mapping of the packet or sSFto certain RCS entity.

For SF1 503, a AS 501 has allocated four different sub-flows 505 toprovide different QoE or QoS treatment. The NCS1 507 provides higherlayer support for two RCS1 in leg 1509, and another RCS1 entity in leg 2510. The first RCS1 in leg 1 can be the default RCS, while the secondRCS1 in leg 1 requires or provides QoS₁. The third RCS1, located in leg2 510 also requires or provides QoS₁.

For the SF2 504, AS 501, which can be the same AS used for SF1, hasallocated two different sub-flows 506 to provide different QoE or QoStreatment. The NCS2 508 provides higher layer support for RCS2 in leg 1509, and another second RCS2 in a leg 2 510. The first RCS2 located inleg 1 509 can be the default RCS, while the other RCS2 located in leg 2requires or provides QoS₀. The network can then use the QoS requirementsor provisions of the RCS entities in the two legs during priorityhandling and multiplexing.

The AS function in the network side can be drawn separately for each SFor NCS entity. On the UE side, however, the AS can be an entityspreading over all of the at least one SF or NCS. In the network, insome embodiments the NCS functions may not be physically co-located,which may require multiple AS functions to be deployed in each sitedeploying NCS. Otherwise, the pocket routing may not be optimal. On thenetwork side, this may require the radio scheduler to be aware of theSFs with which each RCS entity is associated. Once aware, the networkcan conduct service aware scheduling and prioritization in between.

On the UE side, the service level prioritization may be done either inthe AS function or in the radio scheduler. By doing so, the UE radio orMAC scheduler becomes simpler because it can choose not to care aboutprioritization between RCS entities having similar QoS treatmentrequirements.

FIG. 6 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments. While FIG. 6 illustrates a method having steps in a certainorder, the shown order of steps is merely one embodiment of theillustrated method. In step 610, the network may determine a serviceflow setup. This service flow can be associated with one NCS and atleast one RCS, and may be controlled by the network in step 620. Thenetwork, in step 630, may also establish at least one multi-connectivityleg with the at least one RCS entity assigned to each multi-connectivitylegs. In establishing a multi-connectivity leg, an X2 interface can beused for two network nodes to interact with one another. In otherembodiments, an interface having similar functions to the X2 interfacein LTE, may be defined between 5G network nodes.

In step 640, the network may decide at the one NCS entity a mapping ofpackets and sSF to the at least one RCS. The network can then routeC-PDUs to the at least one RCS, as shown in step 650. In addition, thenetwork may group a plurality of the at least one RCS, in step 660, toprovide a radio service. The network may then receive information, instep 670, from an application scheduler or an application awarenessfunction about the QoS treatment for at least one RCS entity.

FIG. 7 illustrates a signal flow diagram according to certainembodiments. While FIG. 7 illustrates a method having steps in a certainorder, the shown order of steps is merely one embodiment of theillustrated method. In step 710, a UE or user device may identify aservice flow associated with one NCS and at least one RCS entity. The UEor user device may control the service flow to the at least one radiocontrol sublayer entity, in step 720. If a default RCS entity isassigned during setup, the UE or user device, in step 730, may thenrequest specific QoS treatment to be configured for the default entity.The UE or user device can also receive from the AS or applicationawareness function information about the QoS treatment for at least oneRCS entity.

FIG. 8 illustrates a system according to certain embodiments. It shouldbe understood that each block of the flowchart of FIGS. 6 and 7, and anycombination thereof, may be implemented by various means or theircombinations, such as hardware, software, firmware, one or moreprocessors and/or circuitry. In one embodiment, a system may includeseveral devices, such as, for example, network node 820 and UE or userdevice 810. The system may include more than one UE 810 and more thanone network node 820, although only one of each is shown for thepurposes of illustration. A network node can be an access point, a basestation, an eNB, server, host or any of the other network nodesdiscussed herein.

Each of these devices may include at least one processor or control unitor module, respectively indicated as 821 and 811. At least one memorymay be provided in each device, and indicated as 822 and 812,respectively. The memory may include computer program instructions orcomputer code contained therein. One or more transceiver 823 and 813 maybe provided, and each device may also include an antenna, respectivelyillustrated as 824 and 814. Although only one antenna each is shown,many antennas and multiple antenna elements may be provided to each ofthe devices. Other configurations of these devices, for example, may beprovided. For example, network node 820 and UE 810 may be additionallyconfigured for wired communication, in addition to wirelesscommunication, and in such a case antennas 824 and 814 may illustrateany form of communication hardware, without being limited to merely anantenna.

Transceivers 823 and 813 may each, independently, be a transmitter, areceiver, or both a transmitter and a receiver, or a unit or device thatmay be configured both for transmission and reception. The transmitterand/or receiver (as far as radio parts are concerned) may also beimplemented as a remote radio head which is not located in the deviceitself, but in a mast, for example. The operations and functionalitiesmay be performed in different entities, such as nodes, hosts or servers,in a flexible manner. In other words, division of labor may vary case bycase. One possible use is to make a network node deliver local content.One or more functionalities may also be implemented as virtualapplication(s) in software that can run on a server.

A user device or user equipment 810 may be a mobile station (MS) such asa mobile phone or smart phone or multimedia device, a computer, such asa tablet, provided with wireless communication capabilities, personaldata or digital assistant (PDA) provided with wireless communicationcapabilities, portable media player, digital camera, pocket videocamera, navigation unit provided with wireless communicationcapabilities or any combinations thereof.

In some embodiment, an apparatus, such as a node or user device, mayinclude means for carrying out embodiments described above in relationto FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. In certain embodiments, at least onememory including computer program code can be configured to, with the atleast one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform any of theprocesses described herein.

According to certain embodiments, an apparatus may include at least onememory including computer program code, and at least one processor. Theat least one memory and the computer program code are configured, withthe at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to determinea service flow setup, and map traffic through the service flow by acommon convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergencesublayer entity. The at least one memory and the computer program codeare also configured, with the at least one processor, to cause theapparatus at least to control the traffic through the service flow.According to certain embodiments, an apparatus may include means fordetermining a service flow setup, and means for mapping traffic throughthe service flow by a common convergence sublayer entity to at least oneradio convergence sublayer entity. The apparatus also includes means forcontrolling the traffic through the service flow.

According to certain embodiments, an apparatus may include at least onememory including computer program code, and at least one processor. Theat least one memory and the computer program code are configured, withthe at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to identifya service flow, wherein traffic through the service flow is mapped by acommon convergence sublayer entity to at least one radio convergencesublayer entity, and control at a user equipment the traffic through theservice flow.

According to certain embodiments, an apparatus may include means foridentifying a service flow, wherein traffic through the service flow ismapped by a common convergence sublayer entity and at least one radioconvergence sublayer entity, and means for controlling at a userequipment the traffic through the service flow.

Processors 811 and 821 may be embodied by any computational or dataprocessing device, such as a central processing unit (CPU), digitalsignal processor (DSP), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), digitally enhanced circuits, or comparable device or acombination thereof. The processors may be implemented as a singlecontroller, or a plurality of controllers or processors.

For firmware or software, the implementation may include modules or unitof at least one chip set (for example, procedures, functions, and soon). Memories 812 and 822 may independently be any suitable storagedevice, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A hard diskdrive (HDD), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other suitablememory may be used. The memories may be combined on a single integratedcircuit as the processor, or may be separate therefrom. Furthermore, thecomputer program instructions may be stored in the memory and which maybe processed by the processors can be any suitable form of computerprogram code, for example, a compiled or interpreted computer programwritten in any suitable programming language. The memory or data storageentity is typically internal but may also be external or a combinationthereof, such as in the case when additional memory capacity is obtainedfrom a service provider. The memory may be fixed or removable.

The memory and the computer program instructions may be configured, withthe processor for the particular device, to cause a hardware apparatussuch as network node 820 and/or UE 810, to perform any of the processesdescribed above (see, for example, FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). Therefore,in certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may beencoded with computer instructions or one or more computer program (suchas added or updated software routine, applet or macro) that, whenexecuted in hardware, may perform a process such as one of the processesdescribed herein. Computer programs may be coded by a programminglanguage, which may be a high-level programming language, such asobjective-C, C, C++, C#, Java, etc., or a low-level programminglanguage, such as a machine language, or assembler. Alternatively,certain embodiments may be performed entirely in hardware.

Furthermore, although FIG. 8 illustrates a system including a networknode 820 and a UE 810, certain embodiments may be applicable to otherconfigurations, and configurations involving additional elements, asillustrated and discussed herein. For example, multiple user equipmentdevices and multiple network nodes may be present, or other nodesproviding similar functionality, such as nodes that combine thefunctionality of a user equipment and an access point, such as a relaynode. The UE 810 may likewise be provided with a variety ofconfigurations for communication other than communication network node820. For example, the UE 810 may be configured for device-to-devicecommunication.

The embodiments described above help improve a communication system. Theembodiments allow for a proprietary knowledge sharing protocol between aUE and a network node, such as an eNB, that can rid the communicationsystem of a large amount of abandoned downlink data transmissions. Someof the benefits produced by this joint decision making includedecreasing the amount of resources a network has to dedicate to downlinktransmissions, extending the battery of life of a UE, and improvingquality of experience.

The above described protocol allowed for a flexible RAN architecturedesign supporting arbitrary number of sSFs established by AS or NCS. Thedesign also allows for simple radio implementation for RCS layers andbelow as sSFs (and potentially SFs) may be invisible to radio layers.

The features, structures, or characteristics of certain embodimentsdescribed throughout this specification may be combined in any suitablemanner in one or more embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases“certain embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “other embodiments,” or othersimilar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact thata particular feature, structure, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment may be included in at least oneembodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearance of the phrases “incertain embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” orother similar language, throughout this specification does notnecessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the describedfeatures, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitablemanner in one or more embodiments.

One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that theinvention as discussed above may be practiced with steps in a differentorder, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which aredifferent than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although theinvention has been described based upon these preferred embodiments, itwould be apparent to those of skill in the art that certainmodifications, variations, and alternative constructions would beapparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.

PARTIAL GLOSSARY

-   AS Application Scheduler/Application Awareness Function-   C-PDU Control Protocol Data Unit-   MAC Media Access Control-   MC Multi-connectivity-   NCS Network Convergence Sublayer-   NW Network-   PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol-   QoE Quality of Experience-   QoS Quality of Service-   RAN Radio Access Network-   RCS Radio Convergence Sublayer-   RRC Radio Resource Control-   SAP Service Access Point-   SF Service Flow-   sSF Sub-Flow

We claim:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: at least one processor; at leastone first entity; a plurality of second entities; and at least onememory including computer program code, the at least one memory and thecomputer program code are configured to, with the at least oneprocessor, cause the apparatus at least to: map, at the at least onefirst entity, traffic through one of the at least one service flow to atleast one second entity among the plurality of second entities, whereineach of the at least one second entity is associated with a respectiveradio bearer of the apparatus; and control, at the at least one firstentity, the traffic through the one of the at least one service flow. 2.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the at least onesecond entity provides a different quality of service treatment.
 3. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein one of the at least one secondentity is a default sublayer entity set.
 4. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program codeare further configured to, with the at least one processor, cause theapparatus to: receive information about the quality of service treatmentfor the at least one radio control sublayer entity from an applicationscheduler or an application function.
 5. The apparatus according toclaim 4, wherein the application scheduler or the application functionis run on a packet basis or a sub-service flow basis.
 6. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the at least one memory and the computerprogram code are further configured to, with the at least one processor,cause the apparatus to: identify, at the at least one first entity, atleast one service flow.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe at least one memory and the computer program code are furtherconfigured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to:determine, by the at least one first entity, at least one service flow;8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the at least one memoryand the computer program code are further configured to, with the atleast one processor, cause the apparatus to: route control protocol dataunits to at least one of a default second entity, the default secondentity having the lowest latency, or the default second entity havingthe most reliable packet delivery.
 9. The apparatus according to claim7, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code arefurther configured to, with the at least one processor, cause theapparatus to: establish at least one multi-connectivity leg, wherein theat least one first entity is associated with a plurality of the at leastone second entity assigned to a plurality of at least onemulti-connectivity leg.
 10. A method, comprising: mapping, by at leastone first entity, traffic through one of the at least one service flowto at least one second entity among a plurality of second entities,wherein each of the at least one second entity is associated with arespective radio bearer; and controlling, at the at least one firstentity, the traffic through the one of the at least one service flow.11. The method according to claim 9, wherein each of the at least onesecond entity provides a different quality of service treatment.
 12. Themethod according to claim 9, wherein one of the at least one secondentity is a default sublayer entity set.
 13. The method according toclaim 9, further comprising: receiving information about the quality ofservice treatment for the at least one radio control sublayer entityfrom an application scheduler or an application function.
 14. The methodaccording to claim 13, wherein the application scheduler or theapplication function is run on a packet basis or a sub-service flowbasis.
 15. The method according to claim 9, further comprising:identifying, at the at least one first entity, at least one serviceflow.
 16. The method according to claim 9, further comprising:determining, by the at least one first entity, at least one serviceflow.
 17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: routingcontrol protocol data units to at least one of a default second entity,the default second entity having the lowest latency, or the defaultsecond entity having the most reliable packet delivery.
 18. The methodaccording to claim 16, further comprising: establishing at least onemulti-connectivity leg, wherein the at least one first entity isassociated with a plurality of the at least one second entity assignedto a plurality of at least one multi-connectivity leg.
 19. A computerprogram product embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable mediumencoding instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform: mapping,by at least one first entity, traffic through one of the at least oneservice flow to at least one second entity among a plurality of secondentities, wherein each of the at least one second entity is associatedwith a respective radio bearer; and controlling, at the at least onefirst entity, the traffic through the one of the at least one serviceflow.
 20. The computer program product according to claim 19, whereineach of the at least one second entity provides a different quality ofservice treatment.